NAME

       grdmath - Reverse Polish Notation calculator for grd files


SYNOPSIS

       grdmath  [  -F  ] [ -Ixinc[m|c][/yinc[m|c]] -Rwest/east/south/north -V]
       operand [ operand ] OPERATOR [ operand ] OPERATOR ... = outgrdfile


DESCRIPTION

       grdmath will perform  operations  like  add,  subtract,  multiply,  and
       divide on one or more grd files or constants using Reverse Polish Nota-
       tion (RPN) syntax (e.g., Hewlett-Packard calculator-style). Arbitrarily
       complicated expressions may therefore be evaluated; the final result is
       written to an output grd file. When two grd files  are  on  the  stack,
       each element in file A is modified by the corresponding element in file
       B.  However, some operators only require one operand (see below). If no
       grdfiles  are  used  in  the expression then options -R, -I must be set
       (and optionally -F). The expression =  outgrdfile  can  occur  as  many
       times as the depth of the stack allows.

       operand
              If  operand  can  be  opened  as a file it will be read as a grd
              file. If not a file, it is interpreted as a  numerical  constant
              or a special symbol (see below).

       outgrdfile is a 2-D grd file that will hold the final result.

       OPERATORS
              Choose among the following operators:
              Operator n_args Returns

              ABS 1 abs (A).
              ACOS 1 acos (A).
              ACOSH 1 acosh (A).
              ADD(+) 2 A + B.
              AND 2 NaN if A and B == NaN, B if A == NaN, else A.
              ASIN 1 asin (A).
              ASINH 1 asinh (A).
              ATAN 1 atan (A).
              ATAN2 2 atan2 (A, B).
              ATANH 1 atanh (A).
              BEI 1 bei (A).
              BER 1 ber (A).
              CAZ 2 Cartesian azimuth from grid nodes to stack x,y
              CDIST 2 Cartesian distance between grid nodes and stack x,y.
              CEIL 1 ceil (A) (smallest integer >= A).
              CHICRIT  2  Critical  value  for  chi-squared-distribution, with
              alpha = A and n = B.
              CHIDIST 2 chi-squared-distribution P(chi2,nn), with chi2 = A and
              n = B.
              COS 1 cos (A) (A in radians).
              COSD 1 cos (A) (A in degrees).
              COSH 1 cosh (A).
              CURV 1 Curvature of A (Laplacian).
              D2DX2 1 d^2(A)/dx^2 2nd derivative.
              D2DY2 1 d^2(A)/dy^2 2nd derivative.
              D2R 1 Converts Degrees to Radians.
              DDX 1 d(A)/dx 1st derivative.
              DDY 1 d(A)/dy 1st derivative.
              DILOG 1 dilog (A).
              DIV(/) 2 A / B.
              DUP 1 Places duplicate of A on the stack.
              ERF 1 Error function erf (A).
              ERFC 1 Complementary Error function erfc (A).
              ERFINV 1 Inverse error function of A.
              EQ 2 1 if A == B, else 0.
              EXCH 2 Exchanges A and B on the stack.
              EXP 1 exp (A).
              EXTREMA  1 Local Extrema: +2/-2 is max/min, +1/-1 is saddle with
              max/min in x, 0 elsewhere.
              FCRIT 3 Critical value for F-distribution, with alpha = A, n1  =
              B, and n2 = C.
              FDIST  3 F-distribution Q(F,n1,n2), with F = A, n1 = B, and n2 =
              C.
              FLIPLR 1 Reverse order of values in each row
              FLIPUD 1 Reverse order of values in each column
              FLOOR 1 floor (A) (greatest integer <= A).
              FMOD 2 A % B (remainder).
              GE 2 1 if A >= B, else 0.
              GT 2 1 if A > B, else 0.
              HYPOT 2 hypot (A, B) = sqrt (A*A + B*B).
              I0 1 Modified Bessel function of A (1st kind, order 0).
              I1 1 Modified Bessel function of A (1st kind, order 1).
              IN 2 Modified Bessel function of A (1st kind, order B).
              INRANGE 3 1 if B <= A <= C, else 0
              INSIDE 1 1 when inside polygon(s) in A, else 0
              INV 1 1 / A.
              ISNAN 1 1 if A == NaN, else 0.
              J0 1 Bessel function of A (1st kind, order 0).
              J1 1 Bessel function of A (1st kind, order 1).
              JN 2 Bessel function of A (1st kind, order B).
              K0 1 Modified Kelvin function of A (2nd kind, order 0).
              K1 1 Modified Bessel function of A (2nd kind, order 1).
              KN 2 Modified Bessel function of A (2nd kind, order B).
              KEI 1 kei (A).
              KER 1 ker (A).
              LDIST 1 Compute distance from lines in multi-segment ASCII  file
              A
              LE 2 1 if A <= B, else 0.
              LMSSCL 1 LMS scale estimate (LMS STD) of A.
              LOG 1 log (A) (natural log).
              LOG10 1 log10 (A) (base 10).
              LOG1P 1 log (1+A) (accurate for small A).
              LOG2 1 log2 (A) (base 2).
              LOWER 1 The lowest (minimum) value of A.
              LRAND 2 Laplace random noise with mean A and std. deviation B.
              LT 2 1 if A < B, else 0.
              MAD 1 Median Absolute Deviation (L1 STD) of A.
              MAX 2 Maximum of A and B.
              MEAN 1 Mean value of A.
              MED 1 Median value of A.
              MIN 2 Minimum of A and B.
              MODE 1 Mode value (Least Median of Squares) of A.
              MUL(x) 2 A * B.
              NAN 2 NaN if A == B, else A.
              NEG 1 -A.
              NEQ 2 1 if A != B, else 0.
              NRAND  2 Normal, random values with mean A and std. deviation B.
              OR 2 NaN if A or B == NaN, else A.
              PDIST 1 Compute distance from points in ASCII file A
              PLM 3 Associated Legendre polynomial P(-1<A<+1) degree  B  order
              C.
              POP 1 Delete top element from the stack.
              POW(^) 2 A ^ B.
              R2 2 R2 = A^2 + B^2.
              R2D 1 Convert Radians to Degrees.
              RAND 2 Uniform random values between A and B.
              RINT 1 rint (A) (nearest integer).
              ROTX 2 Rotate A by the (constant) shift B in x-direction
              ROTY 2 Rotate A by the (constant) shift B in y-direction
              SAZ 2 Sperhical azimuth from grid nodes to stack x,y
              SDIST  2  Spherical (Great circle) distance (in degrees) between
              grid nodes and stack lon,lat (A, B).
              SIGN 1 sign (+1 or -1) of A.
              SIN 1 sin (A) (A in radians).
              SINC 1 sinc (A) (sin (pi*A)/(pi*A)).
              SIND 1 sin (A) (A in degrees).
              SINH 1 sinh (A).
              SQRT 1 sqrt (A).
              STD 1 Standard deviation of A.
              STEP 1 Heaviside step function: H(A).
              STEPX 1 Heaviside step function in x: H(x-A).
              STEPY 1 Heaviside step function in y: H(y-A).
              SUB(-) 2 A - B.
              TAN 1 tan (A) (A in radians).
              TAND 1 tan (A) (A in degrees).
              TANH 1 tanh (A).
              TCRIT 2 Critical value for Student’s t-distribution, with  alpha
              = A and n = B.
              TDIST  2 Student’s t-distribution A(t,n), with t = A, and n = B.
              UPPER 1 The highest (maximum) value of A.
              XOR 2 B if A == NaN, else A.
              Y0 1 Bessel function of A (2nd kind, order 0).
              Y1 1 Bessel function of A (2nd kind, order 1).
              YLM 2 Re and Im normalized surface harmonics  (degree  A,  order
              B).
              YN 2 Bessel function of A (2nd kind, order B).
              ZCRIT 1 Critical value for the normal-distribution, with alpha =
              A.

       SYMBOLS
              The following symbols have special meaning:

              PI 3.1415926...
              E  2.7182818...
              X  Grid with x-coordinates
              Y  Grid with y-coordinates


OPTIONS

       -F     Select pixel registration (used with -R, -I). [Default  is  grid
              registration].

       -I     x_inc  [and  optionally  y_inc] is the grid spacing. Append m to
              indicate minutes or c to indicate seconds.

       -R     xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax specify the Region of  interest.  For
              geographic  regions,  these  limits  correspond  to  west, east,
              south, and north and you may specify them in decimal degrees  or
              in  [+-]dd:mm[:ss.xxx][W|E|S|N]  format.  Append r if lower left
              and upper right map coordinates are given instead of  wesn.  The
              two  shorthands  -Rg  -Rd  stand  for  global  domain  (0/360 or
              -180/+180 in longitude respectively, with -90/+90 in  latitude).
              For  calendar time coordinates you may either give relative time
              (relative  to  the  selected  TIME_EPOCH  and  in  the  selected
              TIME_UNIT;  append  t  to  -JX|x),  or absolute time of the form
              [date]T[clock] (append T to -JX|x). At least  one  of  date  and
              clock must be present; the T is always required. The date string
              must be of the form [-]yyyy[-mm[-dd]]  (Gregorian  calendar)  or
              yyyy[-Www[-d]]  (ISO week calendar), while the clock string must
              be of the form hh:mm:ss[.xxx]. The use of delimiters  and  their
              type  and  positions must be as indicated (however, input/output
              and plotting formats are flexible).

       -V     Selects verbose mode, which will send progress reports to stderr
              [Default runs "silently"].


BEWARE

       The  operator  GDIST  calculates  spherical distances bewteen the (lon,
       lat) point on the stack and all node positions in the  grid.  The  grid
       domain  and  the  (lon,  lat)  point are expected to be in degrees. The
       operator YLM calculates the fully normalized  spherical  harmonics  for
       degree L and order M for all positions in the grid, which is assumed to
       be in degrees.  YLM returns two grids, the Real (cosine) and  Imaginary
       (sine)  component of the complex spherical harmonic. Use the POP opera-
       tor (and EXCH) to get rid of one of them, of save both  by  giving  two
       consequtive  = file.grd calls.  The operator PLM calculates the associ-
       ated Legendre polynomial of degree L and order M, and its  argument  is
       the  cosine  of the colatitude which must satisfy -1 <= x <= +1. Unlike
       YLM, PLM is not normalized.
       All the derivatives are based on central finite differences, with natu-
       ral boundary conditions.


EXAMPLES

       To take log10 of the average of 2 files, use

       grdmath file1.grd file2.grd ADD 0.5 MUL LOG10 = file3.grd

       Given  the  file  ages.grd,  which holds seafloor ages in m.y., use the
       relation depth(in m) = 2500 + 350  *  sqrt  (age)  to  estimate  normal
       seafloor depths:

       grdmath ages.grd SQRT 350 MUL 2500 ADD = depths.grd

       To  find  the angle a (in degrees) of the largest principal stress from
       the stress tensor given by  the  three  files  s_xx.grd  s_yy.grd,  and
       s_xy.grd from the relation tan (2*a) = 2 * s_xy / (s_xx - s_yy), use

       grdmath  2  s_xy.grd MUL s_xx.grd s_yy.grd SUB DIV ATAN2 2 DIV = direc-
       tion.grd

       To calculate the fully normalized spherical harmonic of  degree  8  and
       order  4 on a 1 by 1 degree world map, using the real amplitude 0.4 and
       the imaginary amplitude 1.1:

       grdmath -R0/360/-90/90 -I1 8 4 YML 1.1 MUL EXCH 0.4 MUL ADD = harm.grd

       To extract the locations of local maxima that exceed 100  mGal  in  the
       file faa.grd:

       grdmath faa.grd DUP EXTREMA 2 EQ MUL DUP 100 GT MUL 0 NAN = z.grd
       grd2xyz z.grd -S > max.xyz


BUGS

       Files  that  has  the  same name as some operators, e.g., ADD, SIGN, =,
       etc. cannot be read and must not be present in the  current  directory.
       Piping  of files are not allowed.  The stack limit is hard-wired to 50.
       All functions expecting a positive radius (e.g., LOG,  KEI,  etc.)  are
       passed the absolute value of their argument.


REFERENCES

       Abramowitz,  M., and I. A. Stegun, 1964, Handbook of Mathematical Func-
       tions, Applied Mathematics Series, vol. 55, Dover, New York.
       Press, W. H., S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, B. P. Flannery,  1992,
       Numerical Recipes, 2nd edition, Cambridge Univ., New York.


SEE ALSO

       gmt(l), gmtmath(l), grd2xyz(l), grdedit(l), grdinfo(l), xyz2grd(l)



GMT4.0                            1 Oct 2004                        GRDMATH(l)

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